Thursday, November 28, 2019

Women from Venus Essay Example For Students

Women from Venus Essay In his essay Men from Mars and Women from Venus, John Gray explored the intrinsic differences between men and women in a way that has helped millions of people to understand why relationships between the two sexes could be so frustrating. Gray was correct when he talked about women cherishing love, communication, beauty, and relationships. However, he oversimplified the gender differences between the two sexes. Though women appreciate the beauty in life and want to live with tranquility, they also corrupt by their desire for power, love for competition, and want for achievements. The premises of John Grays essay were set many years ago when all men lived on Mars and all women lived on Venus. Once they got together, they respected and enjoyed their differencesuntil one day when everybody woke up, completely forgetting that they had once came from different planets. Ever since, men mistakenly expected women to think, communicate, and react the way men do. Gray also believes that Venusians are more concerned with living together harmonically, communicably, and loving cooperation. Instead of building highways and tall buildings, they prefer building a Utopia. We will write a custom essay on Women from Venus specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Relationships are more important than work and technology says Gray 523. Rather than developing new technology, they build up their relationships with others. On the other hand, Martians get their sense of self from achievement, usually focus on a goal, and tend to be very competitive and self-reliant. The two sexes, according to John Gray, were unlike in their way of life because they came from different worldswomen from Venus while men from Mars. Gray also had some correct points when he stated that women value love, peace, communication, beauty, and relationships. Because of this, women believe romance to be very important; and also value and believe it is critical to sharing ideas, views and life. That is one of the reason they think art, music, and culture are beautiful, as they romanticized life. For example, Queen Elizabeth I proved these characteristics of women. During Queen Elizabeths reign, there was peace in England even from all the chaos caused by conflicts between Protestants and Catholics. Not only did she value peace, she was also a great patron of the arts. Her reign, known in English history as the Elizabethan period, was an era of great accomplishment in Englanda heroic age of exploration and a grand time for art development. During the Age of Exploration, Francis Drake sailed around the world, Martin Frobisher voyaged to the Arctic regions, and Walter Raleigh helped colonize America. Poets and dramatists like William Shakespeare and Edmund Spenser helped create the Golden Age of English literature. However, it was Elizabeth herself who vastly changed Englands standing among European nations. Not only was she a respected peacemaker for her country, but she was also proved to be more. John Gray showed that women are only peaceful beingsa point of view which was true to some extentbut they were also corrupted in other ways. Besides valuing the beauty of the earth and harmony, women are not tranquil as shown is Grays essay; they also love the sense of power, the rush of competition, and the fulfilling feeling of achievements. Again, an example of the same Queen Elizabeth can be used to prove Gray wrong. Elizabeth, was one of the daughters of a legendary King Henry VIII, initially did not want to face the heated conflict between Catholics and Protestants in England, but being the heir to the throne, she was forced to. After many years of disagreements, Elizabeth gave her country peace by dictating her royal degree; women are not as delicate as stated in Grays essay. She ruled with respected authoritarianism, showing her capabilities of being a powerful queen. Instead of living in peace, she led a score of soldiers against the Spanish Armada in July 1588, instilling in her soldiers the will to battle and win; she would continue to fight the Spanish forcefully for 15 years. Despite the dark events of war and religious murders, Elizabeths reign is best remembered for extraordinary achievements. .ub182566312450b94523c90a75afcccd4 , .ub182566312450b94523c90a75afcccd4 .postImageUrl , .ub182566312450b94523c90a75afcccd4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub182566312450b94523c90a75afcccd4 , .ub182566312450b94523c90a75afcccd4:hover , .ub182566312450b94523c90a75afcccd4:visited , .ub182566312450b94523c90a75afcccd4:active { border:0!important; } .ub182566312450b94523c90a75afcccd4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub182566312450b94523c90a75afcccd4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub182566312450b94523c90a75afcccd4:active , .ub182566312450b94523c90a75afcccd4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub182566312450b94523c90a75afcccd4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub182566312450b94523c90a75afcccd4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub182566312450b94523c90a75afcccd4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub182566312450b94523c90a75afcccd4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub182566312450b94523c90a75afcccd4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub182566312450b94523c90a75afcccd4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub182566312450b94523c90a75afcccd4 .ub182566312450b94523c90a75afcccd4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub182566312450b94523c90a75afcccd4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Tennessee Williams And The Southern Belle EssayShe believed it was her divine mission to lead England, and under her direction, the country became strong and unified. Therefore, commerce and industry prospered. Elizabeth I gave her country peace; however, she also gave it prestige and power. Women do not always fit under the stereotypical views of being tranquil; they also love competing to show their power and achiever their goals. Women do in fact cherish relationships and art, as stated in John Grays essay, but they also love power. John Grays essay is true in some areas, but false in others as shown by the life of Englands, Queen Elizabeth I. Queen Elizabeth, known as the most successful monarch ever sits on the English throne, gave her country peace from the hostilities between the different religious sectors and the Spanish attacks. This showed how women wanted serenity across the land. However, while she did reign with peace, she went through great lengths to achieve this goal. Queen Elizabeth dictated her royal decree on numerous times and proved herself a cynical opponent to the Spanish. Though John Gray was right in writing that women seek harmonic beauty in life, but he was wrong because women also tried to get power, compete, and accomplish their goals.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Willy Russells attitude to education as revealed in Educating Rita Essays

Willy Russells attitude to education as revealed in Educating Rita Essays Willy Russells attitude to education as revealed in Educating Rita Paper Willy Russells attitude to education as revealed in Educating Rita Paper Essay Topic: Education Literature Although Educating Rita is about Rita becoming educated, there are underlying messages within the play that reveal what its writer, Willy Russells attitudes and opinions of education are. One main part of the play is the contrast between Frank and Rita and how their roles reverse as Rita becomes educated. Education gives Rita a choice. Rita wanted education to give her a meanin to life which she didnt need as a child growing up in working class culture. Her school was borin, ripped-up books, broken glass everywhere, knives an fights and education was only for the wimps. As she has matured she thinks there must be more to life than everyone pissed or on the Valium, tryin to get from one day to the next. By becoming educated, she is making the leap from working class to middle class, although Denny, her husband, doesnt want her to. Education makes Rita stronger and thats what Dennys frightened of. This evidence could be Russell trying to question why education is so important? As Frank says, education is nothing of value as he takes it for granted. To Rita, education is everything. Rita has a very admiring view towards education and is always referring to proper students who she idolises. She sees education as an escape from herself and her current life. This can be seen from the way she describes herself as a stupid woman and says she wants to change from the inside. At the start of the play she comments on people in her culture being stuck-up idiots and wonders whats it like to be free? This could be Russell implying education gives freedom, but as we find out later in the play Frank, due to being educated, has become metaphorically trapped. His window hasnt been opened for generations and he wont be able to get out of his door. Rita says her student friends are not trapped theyre too young for that suggesting Frank has become old and trapped within himself. Russell may be trying to say education can trap people and really educated people, like Frank, know absolutely nothing. Franks attitude to education is quite the opposite of Ritas, which is the contrast Russell wanted to convey. Frank sees Rita as a breath of fresh air and by education doesnt want her to lose her uniqueness which he values in her. This is Russell suggesting educated people are all the same and are not to have a view. One of Franks key quotes is Youll have a much better understanding of something if you discover it in your own terms. The reader could interpret this quote in several different ways and I believe its Frank giving Rita advice, not only on education, but also on life itself. Here, Russell could be saying that if uneducated people want to learn they should help themselves like Rita does, and come to their own conclusions. Another one of Franks key quotes is I know nothing which he says to Rita. This is probably Russell suggesting the more you know, the less you really know. This is backed up by some of the most intelligent people turning insane as they realise how insignificant their intelligence is. This is a very deep comment from Russell. Frank is not a stereotypical lecturer; he is pissed at lectures, always on the stuff, unhappy and only lectures as he needs the money. He is not enthusiastic and sees education as so very little. Here, Russell exposes an issue of education today. This is something he wants to be addressed. A point that Russell makes very obvious is the fact that most if not all uneducated people are in the working class, in situations they dont like. Denny gets himself out of the fact he cant have a baby with Rita by moving on and having a baby with his new fianci. Rita chose education instead of staying with Denny and is building a better life for herself. She had a choice and took it, and this shows that Russell thinks education can be good when you use it to your advantage and make it work for you. This is something Frank has not done. Frank has taken his education for granted and has wasted opportunities and this could well be another view from Russell to people in the educating process to take opportunities and not waste them. This shows Willy Russells attitudes to education are mixed and are not all bad. Educating Ritas comedy is mostly shown in the difference in background and language of Rita and Frank. Frank asks her You are? and Rita replies, What am I? This shows her naivety and may be Russell saying uneducated people arent accustomed to formal situations and language. This is also shown when Rita leaves a note saying, sorry couldnt come when she was invited to Franks dinner. It shows the difference between their cultures and classes in which education plays a large part. We see Rita change considerably throughout the play as she becomes educated. Her language changes, along with her image, personality and attitude. She respects herself, has choices and so feels she has become a better person. Frank also changes, he ends up having to move to Australia and realises his problems and mistakes. He is also changing for the better. It is argued whether the play should be called Educating Frank as Rita teaches Frank what she knows and Frank teaches Rita.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Foods in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Foods in America - Essay Example Although these dried foods are used to give flavor to dishes, I still eat them raw and at times I fry them as snacks. One of my favorite dishes made from dried foods is Pemmican. This dish is made up of dried berries, nuts, and meat. What I like about this food is the fact that it is very handy and convenient because you could eat it without cooking it first. You can eat it anytime you want. Yet, there are some American Indian foods that I do not like that much. One of those I like the least is their smoked foods. Although I like dried foods, I still find the taste of smoked foods quite unpleasant, especially the smoked salmon. I find it too salty and fatty. I think smoking foods is best for preparing and preserving food, but not as an actual dish. Even so, I really like most of American Indian foods. They are natural, healthy, and savory. Madison, Deborah & Gary Paul Nabhan. Renewing America’s Food Traditions: Saving and Savoring the Continent’s Most Endangered Foods. White River Junction, Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing, 2008.

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Personal Development Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal Development Portfolio - Essay Example In order to more closely align myself with this aspect of my personality, I will have to develop my writing skills, to communicate my thoughts and ideas effectively, and to improve my research skills so that I can explore ideas and concepts which interest me thoroughly. QUESTION 2 Learning Styles and their Impact on Studying Preferences and Developmental Needs I have some challenges in understanding, absorbing, and interpreting texts in a fixed time. My learning style is reflective and thoughtful, so that I am able to make sure of my understanding of a concept, and then work on interpreting, adding to, or developing the concept. This does not mean that I am unable to deal with complex or abstract subject matter, but that my need is to approach it thoroughly, and creatively, rather than just to â€Å"know† it. ... QUESTION 3 Individual SWOT and Commentary It is clear that I will need to develop in the areas as revealed by my SWOT analysis. It is going to be difficult to concurrently study and work toward a career, while I improve my skills in reading, researching, critical thinking and expression. Nevertheless I believe that these are essential skills to guarantee success and satisfaction in a future career. Thus, I will set myself goals and milestones, at which I will be able to measure my progress toward being able to do these things at the level I want to. It is also true that while studying, these skills will grow according to necessity, and I do work with thoroughness and dedication, so what will be the issue is whether I have time to be able to complete what I have to. It is more to be able to create more efficiency in my work patterns that I want to focus and concentrate on the practical skills that will allow me to be and innovator, a thinker, and someone who can creatively apply his t hinking to tasks at hand. QUESTION 4 Bibliography Development Task Commentary The very specific format of the bibliography in the Harvard referencing style at first did provide me with some difficulty but the logic and clarity of the system soon allows the formatting to become almost second nature. Finding appropriate sources can also be challenging. It is tempting to look at the first source you find, and just record and use it. But learning to consider academic credibility, close relevance, and the current and latest information as criteria to select sources does not come naturally. It implies that the Internet is not always the best route, although it is the easiest and quickest. Variety is important, and sourcing journals, peer reviewed journals, online texts, and published texts,

Monday, November 18, 2019

Deal Directly With The Issue Of Death Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Deal Directly With The Issue Of Death - Essay Example Whereas in Seneca’s ‘on shortness of life’, he explains the life is not short as people think if it is used in the right manner. Nature has given enough time to human being to accomplish what they want. He sees natural phenomena as the metaphor for life. So death is a natural process to him, which has to be dealt with courage and willingness. According to him, human spirit should adapt to the natural law of death. He claims that human beings are bad soldiers who do not follow the commands of God. This is very true as it can be seen widely that human beings have always acted opposite to God’s commands and rules. It is natural for beings that are once born to die and accepting it is the wisdom in real man. In the same manner, Socrates also suggests that man should neither fear in life nor in death. From his thinking, we can understand the greatness of him. The first and worst fear of a human being is dead and one who advocates fearlessness to death indeed is a genius. A man who is spiritually educated will never have the concern in dying as he knows it is a hard truth. He will respect and obey the law of nature and enjoy both life and death equally. This is because he knows that soul is immortal and nothing can kill it or destroy it. In the apology, Socrates gives his genuine perspective on death to people. Socrates reveals that souls are immortal and live forever. It is a fact that soul existed along with God and has been given physical form to be tested by him.... In regard to his death penalty, Socrates responded that his physical body can only perish but not his eternal soul. This is the true nature of human soul and death is just a phase in its journey. Socrates claims that feelings arise from knowledge and since he has no knowledge about death he is not afraid of it. He believes that death is a kind of blessing. This is because; death can give opportunity to a person to go to world he has not been before. There he is able to meet his ancestors and can test them and be in touch with them. This is true as nobody have any idea of where we will go after death and it would be a new experience for human beings to die and know the truth. So in such a case, one should look forward to death which is going to be an exciting experience. Seneca believes that the fear of death is the underlying philosophical root of most other human fears. Seneca like Socrates also believed in the immortal nature of soul. In â€Å"shortness of life† Seneca menti ons that one should think about life rather than death and analyze what is important in life. One should find right attitude to time, and to value and allocate time in the right way. This is very right way of seeing life as people should utilize their time in doing good and being good. In 'Consolation to Helvia', Seneca consoles his mother by saying that material comforts are not the end of life. He explains about the relationship of Man with God and position of a person in the universe. It is true that once we understand our relationship with God we would not be afraid of death. One should understand the working of the natural world to eradicate the fear in the mind about death. Also Socrates in his apology mentions that he has no feeling or emotions about death. He explains that it is not

Friday, November 15, 2019

Power and Politics of Performance Management

Power and Politics of Performance Management Organization politics are a reality in most organizations, and while game-playing might outwardly appear to be wasted time, it is necessary in order to secure resources, progress ideas, achieve personal goals, and often to enhance ones standing. It is naive to realistically expect to be able to stand aloof from organizational politics. You may be respected for doing so, but your progress will be limited and you will be seen as an easy target. (Buchanan Badham, 2007, pp 47-59) From a managing and leading people prospective, the later part will discuss about how power politics and control influence on the management of performance of individuals and organizational .what are the key aspects of the approaches of the power politics and controls over the management of performance. What is the good aspect and what is the negative aspect of those elements when we bring performance management into consideration on individual bases and on organizational bases. It will also identify what is meant by power, politics and control and the management of performance. All the relevant theories from the module and practical theories will be discussed in detail. Power and politics Management of performance: Before going into discussion about power politics and organizational control one need to discuss the dilemma of performance management. Performance management is not only about the employees performance but it mixture of how the organization as whole performing (internally and externally), its various department (sales, administration etc), budgeting, finance management, policies, services and products organizing groups for mutual task etc. According to Bratton Gold, pp 274, (2007) Performance management refers to the set of interconnected practices which are design to ensure that a person overall capabilities and potential are appraised, so that relevant goals can be set for work and development and, through assessment, data on work behaviour and performance can be collected and reviewed. On the other hand, Armstrong and Baron, pp 1-5, (2009) defining the management of performance as a process which contribute to the effective management of individuals and teams in order to achieve high level of organizational performance -as such, it established shared understanding about what is to achieved and an approach to leading and developing people which will ensure that it is achieved. Power and Politics: Power and politics are the ability or official capacity to exercise and control authority. It also has been known as an individual, groups, or states that have more control over others. Politics is defined as the art or science of government or governing, especially the governing of a political body, such as a nation, organizations, and the administration and control of its internal and external affairs. As businesses harness the power of technology to change and drive the bottom line, power and politics have been seen as the force behind this change. The managements bring important attributes to the table that lead the enterprises direction, from putting the companys strategic visions to finding short-term solutions, getting long-term targets, and bringing in partners who can change and improve the companys profits. Examine the persuasive and powerful individuals, and political base management in executive offices. A common feature among many will emerge: strong values and the abili ty to facilitate change. Thus it is understood how power and politics work together, and benefits each other well in the business setting. Although most individuals think as power as a force over something or someone, it is not identified as a political force. Power shared with political support has proven to be very beneficial in society or in organization. The former president of Pakistan General Pervaiz musharraf is an example of how he maintained power and politics in his regime effectively through a positive control which had influence positively on the country overall performance as comparing to its past. Leader is the key success for an effective performance of an organization. How far we can see power and politics: The topic of power is so vital and difficult to define in a single sentence yet people made different approaches towards power definition. Power can be exerted not only by some individuals over other, but also by some groups, sections departments, organization and indeed by some nations over other. (Huczynski Buchanan, 2007). Another writer Jay (1967) commented on the power definition as power lies in the acceptance of your authority by others -their knowledge that if they try to resist you they will fail and you will succeed, (jay, 1967). According to Gallagher (2003), power is the capacity to impress the dominance of ones goal or values on other. One can say that power is the source of individual authority and approached to get the thing s done. In other words the ability to make something happening or preventing it forms happening. On the other hand Organization politics can be defined as informal, parochial, typically divisive and illegitimate behaviour that is aimed at displaci ng legitimate power (Mintzberg, 1983). Organizations mainly consisted of organizational politics. Authorities or leaders usually exercising power have the same amount of politics. Working in organization one can see closely the relation of power and politics. It is believe that it is a reality in the organizations. According to Prasad, (1993) Politicking is one of the option for those who wish to influence decisions. It is believed that politics inside organization can be exercised for and against the organization. But most of the critics believed that politics mostly disrupt organizational efficiency and effectiveness (kacmar et al., 1999). Also it consuming time, restricting information and making communication difficulties (Eisenhard Bourgeois, 1988). It also creating the environment stressful, decreasing job satisfaction and making high level of employees turn over. Form a very way power and politics described as essential sources in the organizational life .some critics described as good well for organizational life and some criticised as negative element for organizational life and individuals well being. Power and politics can understand through its sources and tactics that how individuals exercising them through various means and controlling the whole sort of culture which automatically reflects on their performance. There are different approaches has been made by the writers, individualist and pluralist are the commons in them. Power as an individuals property: This type of power has been exercised by individuals with a Social and Interpersonal skills, Power can be seen in particular individuals inside the organizations (Huczynski and Buchanan, pp 435, 2007). Clearly stating who have the power and those who dont have. Individual property can be eliminated in two types of sources, structural sources and personal source based on managing with power theory (Jeffrey, 1992). Structural source: Individual formal role and position .the Ability of gaining support and allies, Individuals have fully control over information Reducing problems and uncertainty. Also have influence on the organization communication physically and emotionally, and the pervasiveness of individual activities within the organization. Such kind of power can be seen in accountants or accountant general officers and HR manager who have more power and authority than others. They hold a strong position and can be positive or negative effect on the organization overall performance. Individuals source: Power can be seen in Individuals, those who have more energy and physical stamina. The ability of focusing on energy and avoiding worthless efforts has fully understanding of other employees feelings. Individuals have a great capability of mental toughness and ability to control stress situation like conflicts and confrontations. All those Characteristics of power are known as more socialistic and talk about individual behaviour of its approach towards power. Power as a source of relationship According to French raven, pp 259-269 (1959) and Buchanan Budham (1999), Power as an individuals property yet it is property of relationship. French raven, pp 259-269 (1959), identified five types of power which are exercising within organization. Relationship power can be described as personal power and positional power. Each of these can be influence on the individuals behaviour, attitude and values. Figure 1. Types of Individual Power. (Source: French raven, 1959) Reward power: It is combination of different element such as resources, assisting employee or empowering them in some areas, sharing information, advancement, recognitions, personnel and emotional support of an individual authority exerting in organization. From political aspect, study found that politics influence on the reward power. In other word if the leader wants to give someone reward, politics can influence it from both positive and negative aspects. So, that would affect the overall performance of an individual from both aspects. On the other hand reward power can be a positive aspect of getting good performance and control of the employees in organization. So, one can see both positive and negative elements in such type of power. Coercive power: Authorities exercising the power of punishing individuals, firing them, and maintaining discipline and spreading the feelings of fear inside the organization, the leaders mostly delivered the massage of what their superior wants to do (transactional leadership). Politics may contribute in the form of other employees can get the massage what their superior wanted to do. Coercive power can be seen as negative in organizational culture, for example other employees may not be put their best in achieving the strategic goals and can turn hostile against the management which would influence on the management of performance and control of the individual and organization. In addition most of the critics seen it as a threat to employee well being. Using positive politics in such kind of power may give a massage to the employees to do what they asked to do. According to Hofstade, pp 42-63, (1980), culture does have high power distance and high uncertainty avoidance in some nations (i.e., Pakist an) has a significant influence on the performance and control of the organization or country. So to use some sort of coerciveness might be beneficial for the organizational performance and control. Expert power: This power based on facts or impression, the expertise of a manager to posses particular skills, knowledge and authorities capability of management issues and technique. The person may be given the power to make decisions for others individuals because he has an expertise on the particular subject area. Again it can be taken as positively and negatively influence on the management of performance. It can help others by getting things done on the right place and time but also can make barriers between the individuals and authorities if they take them in coercive manner, (Benfari Buchanan et, al, 2007 pp 51). Referent power: Leaders ability to rally his staff and urge them to cooperate in achieving the organizational goals (transformational leadership), the ability of the leaders to influence on individuals, we can call him as charismatic leader or manager who can influence his personality by his own values and perception in the organization. These leaders are able to move the organization toward the ideal perspective by coordinating the employees and integrating all system components (Cacioppe, pp 336, 2000). This type of power purely considers being positive for organizational culture and performance. Individuals mostly manipulate towards referent power, pure satisfaction prevailing over organizational culture. Legitimate power: Legitimate power is based on an individual formal position in the organization. It also can be known as position power. It is usually based on the compliances of individuals. Political perceptions in organization: Organization politics can be defined as Informal, parochial, typically divisive and illegitimate behaviour that is aimed at displacing legitimate power (Mintzberg, 1983). Organizations mainly consisted of organizational politics. Authorities usually exercising power have the same amount of politics. Working in organization one can see closely the relation of power and politics. It is believe that its a reality in the organizations. According to Prasad, 1993 Politicking is one of the option for those who wish to influence decisions. Its believed that politics inside organization can be exercised for and against the organization. But most of the critics believed that politics mostly disrupt organizational efficiency and effectiveness (kacmar et al., 1999). Also it consuming time, restricting information and making communication difficulties (Eisenhard and Bourgeois, 1988). It also creating the environment stressful, decreasing job satisfaction and making high level of employees turn ov er. Political behaviour needed to be considered more effectively and individuals have to be understood the causes and effects of politics in organization and its performance. Leadership may influence positively with powerful politics to reduce the level of high uncertainty, conflicts, building coalition with other, reducing the communication barriers between the employees and the managers or leaders, implementing strategic change and policies. Those who are in opposition can be tackling down on powerful politics, also handling trade unions or employees unions in the work place, etc. Politics can influence positively on organization and individuals performance and control. But most of the employees understand the philosophy of political behaviour in organization as a negative aspect of work life assuming that it is a self- serving aspect of getting promotion and personal objectives. Such behaviour can be identified as, hierarchical, associated with the influencing bad attitudes, destroying or abusing power and were not seen to be responsible towards organizational goals and interest of the employees. (Vigoda Poon, pp 138-155, 2003). In such political behaviour, individuals trying to surpass other in order to get more information and to get more power. Several factors are influencing on the political behaviour of an organization performance and can be known as personnel situational. Personal factors including demographic factors, individuals characteristics, attitudes, needs and values and Situational factors like job autonomy, job variety and on the organization al level such as centralization and formulization (Poon pp 138-155, 2003). Formal situational perception of organizational politics: Job ambiguity: In job ambiguity situations, individuals are mostly unclear about their job role, not clear about their objectives or goal and what can they do to get rewarded. Most of the employees trying to secure their jobs and their personnel interests using political resources and can turn them in defensive political behaviour (Ashforth and Lee, 1990). Scarcity of resources: In the situation of pay rise, promotion opportunities etc individual compete for such resources May using politics to get promotion and to get career opportunities and developments and get positively relation to political behaviour. Trust climate: According to Das and Teng, pp 251-283, (2001), Trust is subjective state of positive expectations regarding another persons good-well and can exist at the personal, organizational, inter-organizational and international levels. Working climate of trust can motivate individuals positively and can be influence on the political behaviour of an organization. On the other hand it can reduce employee performance if there is lack of trust climate in organization. Job satisfactions: The work environment, where individuals feel satisfaction and security of their jobs, According to Lock, 1973 and Poon, 2003, job satisfaction is a positive emotional state that arise when people appraised their jobs or job experience. The level of decrease in job satisfaction can be seen in organization with higher political behaviour. Decision and policies based on higher political environment can create job stress as well. Employees turn over intention: Turnover of employee can be discussed from two aspects psychological and physical usually caused when the organization are high politicking, most of the employee give up their struggles towards the job targets mentally and physically in a work life based on political environment,( Kacmar, 1999). The listed below diagram can evaluate about the political perception in organization clearly. Figure 2. Perceptions of Organizational Politics (Source: Poon, 2003) Conclusion: Armstrong, P-A Baron, A., Performance management: An Overview, Feb 2009: Charted Institute Of Professional Studies. Vigoda-Gadot., E: Leadership Style, Organizational Politics, And Employees Performance, 2007. Vol. No 5, 2007. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Bratton. J Gold, J. Human Resource Management, Theory And Practice. 4rth Edition, 2007: Published By Palgrave Macmillan New York. Chapter (8). Kacmar, K.M., Bozen, D.P., Carlson, D.S And Anthony, W.P (1999), An Examination Of The Perception Of Organizational Politics Model: Replication And Extension, Human Relations, Vol.52, pp.383- 416. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Poon., M.L, June, Situational Antecedent And Outcomes Of Organizational Politics Perceptions: Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol, 18 No.2, 2003 , Emerald Publication. Buchanan. D Budham., R: Power Politics And Organizational Change: Winning the Turf Game: 1st Edition 1999, Sage Publication LTD, London. Cole, G. 1997. Strategic Management. 2nd Ed. London: Thomson Learning. Watson, G., Gallagher, K., 2005. Managing for Results. 2nd Ed. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, London. Huczynski., A, Buchanan., D: Organizational Behaviour, Sixth Edition., 2007, Part six, Chapter 24, Pearson education limited. http://managementconsultingcourses.com/Lesson30PowerOrganizationalPolitics.pdf access Managing human behavior in public nonprofit organizations ÂÂ  By Robert B. Denhardt, Janet Vinzant Denhardt, Maria Pilar Aristigueta Hofstede, G. 1980. Motivation, Leadership, and Organization: Do American theories apply abroad? Organization dynamics AMACOM Journal. 1(1), pp 42 63 Das, T.K. and Teng, B.S. (2001), Trust, control, and risk in strategic alliances: an integrated framework, Organization Studies, Vol. 22, pp. 251-83. Mintzberg, H. (1983), Power In and Around Organizations, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Kacmar, K.M. and Ferris, G.R. (1991), Perceptions of organizational politics scale (POPS): development and construct validation, Educational and Psychological Measurement, Vol. 51, pp. 193-205.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

War of the Rats Essays -- David L. Robbins Literature Essays

War of the Rats War of the Rats, written by David L. Robbins, and the movie Stalingrad, directed by Joseph Vilsmaier, are two excellent sources to be used in furthering one’s understanding of the second world war and specifically the battle of Stalingrad. Both of these sources cover generally the same material. They both are dramas about the battle of Stalingrad, yet each has their own unique perspective upon the war. These two sources can be used together to increase one’s knowledge on the subject at hand. War of the Rats, a book that has been recently published is basically a war inside of a war. It focuses more on a personal battle of two men then it does on the battle of Stalingrad on a whole. The book has four main characters and is mostly based on these people. Robbins seems more content on telling his drama he is revealing to the reader then giving actual historical accounts on the battle of Stalingrad. Robbins story starts out about the Russians skilled assassin, Army Chief Master Sergeant Visily Zaitsev. Zaitsev is a famed sniper, known for killing the opposing Germans with ease. The Germans realize how dangerous of a weapon Zaitsev is, and counter with their own master sniper, S.S. Colonel Heinz Throvald. Throvald is sent with one mission; kill Zaitsev. Also included in the plot of Robbins’ book are Tania Chernova, Zaitsev’s assistant, and Corporal Nikki Mood, a composite German soldier. Tanis Chernova and Vasily Zaitsev eventually fall in love. The novel eventually ends with the two master snipers, Throvald and Zaitsev, crossing each other’s paths. In somewhat of a cliffhanger, the book finishes off with both Throvald and Zaitsev putting crosshairs on each other’s head. Although it is very entert... ...ery educational. Both are based on factual events. War of the Rats is more about two individual people than the actual war, but still gives a brief overview about the battle of Stalingrad. Stalingrad focuses on the suffering of the German soldiers and probably is more useful than the War of the Rats in the sense that it covers the actual war more. However, both are highly recommended and go hand in hand. One would probably understand the importance of the Second World War on the Eastern Front in world history most if he or she looked into both sources. Works Cited Beschner, M. George, and Alfred S. Friedman. Youth Drug Abuse. Toronto: D.C. Heath, 1980. Dogan, Shamed. â€Å"Legal Drinking Age Should Drop to 18.† High Ground.com. 1997 February 14, 1997 Group Survey of 100 people. â€Å"Should the Legal Drinking Age Be Lowered to Eighteen?† May 25, 2000